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Trade, Money and Commitments

Honesty in transactions, debts, trusts and the principal prohibitions named in the texts.

Last reviewed on 7 October 2026

Key concepts

  1. Honest trade

    The Quran permits trade and requires mutual consent. It condemns giving short measure and calls for an upright balance. The Prophet linked a sale’s blessing to truthfulness and disclosure of defects. His discovery of wet grain hidden beneath dry grain illustrates the warning against deception: relevant information belongs openly in the transaction.

  2. Debts, records and trusts

    The Quran directs recording a debt with a fixed term and names a pledge held as security when travelling without a scribe. Trusts must be returned to their rightful owners and contracts fulfilled. These instructions make commitments visible and protect each party’s rights beyond informal recollection.

  3. Riba and repayment of capital

    While trade is permitted, riba is prohibited. Believers are told to abandon outstanding riba claims while retaining their principal, without wronging or being wronged. The hadith condemns its receiver, payer, scribe and witnesses. In the particular exchange of gold for gold, equal amounts and immediate exchange are both required.

  4. Clear and sound sales

    Gharar describes the uncertainty and risk addressed by the prohibition of gharar sales. Hakim ibn Hizam was also told not to sell what he did not possess. These reports encourage a sale whose subject and delivery are sufficiently clear. Their precise wording supplies the starting point for learning financial rules.

  5. Fairness towards debtors

    A debtor genuinely in hardship is given time until circumstances improve. By contrast, delaying payment when able is called injustice. Borrowing should carry the intention to repay, and the Prophet praised repaying in the best manner. The texts join consideration for real difficulty with responsibility towards the lender.

Further reading and resources

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  • Quran 2:275Quran.comRead
  • Quran 2:278Quran.comRead
  • Quran 2:279Quran.comRead
  • Quran 2:280Quran.comRead
  • Quran 2:282Quran.comRead
  • Quran 2:283Quran.comRead
  • Quran 4:29Quran.comRead
  • Quran 4:58Quran.comRead
  • Quran 5:1Quran.comRead
  • Quran 83:1-3Quran.comRead
  • Quran 26:181-183Quran.comRead
  • Sahih al-Bukhari, hadith 2079Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih Muslim, hadith 102Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih Muslim, hadith 1513Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih Muslim, hadith 1587 (version c)Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih Muslim, hadith 1598Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih al-Bukhari, hadith 2400Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih al-Bukhari, hadith 2387Sunnah.comRead
  • Sahih Muslim, hadith 1601 (version a)Sunnah.comRead
  • Jami at-Tirmidhi, hadith 1232Sunnah.comRead

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